Johann Sebastian Bach composed canons and fugues throughout his creative life. In the mid-18th century, musical tastes were changing dramatically. In his final decade, however, Johann Sebastian Bach addressed the older procedures of imitative counterpoint with renewed inspiration and intensity. Representing the culmination of his experimentation with monothematic instrumental works, Die Kunst der Fuge (The Art of Fugue) remains a work shrouded in mystery, one of unspecified instrumentation, though we might surmise that Bach intended it to be a solo keyboard work. We can not know whether he intended the music as material for practice or performance. He seems to have begun working on The Art of the Fugue in 1742 and, with many interruptions, had continued work on it until 1749. It was published posthumously in 1751. (Some 30 copies of it were bought, the copper plates used in the printing process being sold later by his sons as scrap to cover the costs of printing!) Consisting of 14 fugues, organized roughly in order of increasing complexity, there are also four canons - two-part pieces in strict canon, devised according to various different schemes and on the same D-minor subject - plus alternative versions of some of the fugues. The final fugue, one built on four subjects, is unfinished in the manuscript, stopping in mid-flow following the introduction of the third subject, the latter based on Bach’s own name. (In German notation B-A-C-H is B-flat, A, C, B-natural, a pattern also representing a cross.) Bach’s son Carl Philipp Emanuel wrote: “While working on this fugue … the composer died.” (We can not be sure of the accuracy of this statement.) Bach's final composition, his short Chorale Prelude Vor deinen Thron tret' ich hiermit (Before Thy Throne I Stand), often referred to as his "deathbed chorale", was added by the editors, providing some closure for that work whose intended finale was left incomplete.
Performers play Bach's final masterwork on
a wide variety of keyboard instruments -
clavichord, harpsichord, organ, or even that new instrument which was
coming into vogue in Bach’s later years, the piano; there are also several ensemble
settings. We can read no end of detailed analyses of The Art of Fugue
and there exist many muscular performances that would make a strong case for the
work's ostensible pedagogical purpose. In a recently issued disc, Johann
Sebastian BACH: The Art of Fugue", BWV 1080, Michael Tsalka, known widely
as a performer on all manner of early (and later) keyboard instruments, chooses
to record the Kunst der Fuge on a modern Bösendorfer piano. In Prof.
Tsalka's hands, the work takes on a unique quality. Referring to the project as
a "work of love", his approach is articulate, personal, delicate,
indeed, spiritual. His tempi are relaxed, allowing the listener time and space
to follow Bach's myriad of melodic detail, the unanticipated modulations and
harmonic shifts, the forms, the layering and the resulting build-up of textures. New entries of
subjects never fail to trigger excitement. Any slight change of tempo from
fugue to fugue to canon brings about a change in character, from wistful to
contemplative to uplifting. In this serene, uncluttered and lush tableau
vivant, dynamics and contrasts emerge with exquisite refinement and
transparency as the artist engages the piano to elucidate his profound personal
inquiry. Tsalka harnesses the Bösendorfer's sonorous and warm bass clarity, its
unique tenor timbre, its alluring descant range and the marvellous spectrum of
colours within the middle range to render each voice and differentiate between
the voices within the weave of each piece. Prof. Tsalka chooses not to devise any
completion to the final fugue (Contrapunctus 14), explaining that he has “come
to the conclusion that there are certain statements that can only be completed
in the Castle of Heaven."
Probing the mysteries and pure beauty of
this work, one "derived from a single sober and serious initial
theme", Tsalka has produced a rare, moving and immersive listening
experience. The recording was made at a recording studio in Beijing in 2026 for
the DA VINCI CLASSICS label. Prof Michael Tsalka has dedicated "Johann
Sebastian BACH: The Art of Fugue", BWV 1080 to the memory of writer,
translator and intellectual Prof. Aminadav Dykman (1958-2022). The project was
supported by the School of Music, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen
and by the MusicaNostra Foundation.
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| The first page of the "Art of Fugue" in Bach's hand |













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